The Evolution of Health and Medicine in Korea Before 1900
I. Introduction1
Korea’s medical history is a fascinating mix of ancient traditions, Chinese influences, and unique local practices. Before modern changes in the 20th century, Korea developed a complex healthcare system that combined old wisdom with new ideas. This article looks at how health and medicine evolved in Korea up to the late 1800s, showcasing important developments, practices, and people.
II. Ancient and Medieval Periods
- Shamanism and Folk Medicine
In ancient Korea, healthcare was deeply intertwined with spiritual beliefs. Shamans, known as mudang (무당), played a crucial role in diagnosing and treating illnesses. These spiritual healers were believed to possess the ability to communicate with spirits, seeking their guidance to cure ailments. This shamanistic tradition often involved rituals, incantations, and the use of talismans.
Folk medicine also thrived, with communities relying on natural remedies derived from local plants, animals, and minerals. Common folk remedies included herbal teas, poultices, and dietary changes aimed at restoring balance and health. These practices were passed down through generations and became an integral part of Korean cultural heritage.
- Introduction of Chinese Medicine
The arrival of Buddhism and Confucianism from China introduced Korea to a more systematic approach to medicine. Chinese medical theories, such as the concepts of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements, began to permeate Korean medical thought. These principles emphasized the balance between opposing forces in the body and the universe, providing a theoretical framework for understanding health and disease. - Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392)
The Goryeo Dynasty marked a significant period in the formalization of medical knowledge. The establishment of the National Medical Bureau (예궐감) reflected the state’s interest in organizing healthcare. This institution was responsible for overseeing medical practices and training physicians.
During this time, the Hyangyak Jipseongbang (향약집성방) was compiled, focusing on herbal medicine using locally available plants. This text served as an important reference for Korean practitioners, documenting various remedies and their uses. The integration of Chinese medicine continued, blending with local traditions to form a unique Korean medical system.
III. Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910)
- Establishment of State Medicine
The Joseon Dynasty further institutionalized healthcare, establishing the Royal Medical Bureau (내의원) for the royal family and the Office of Public Health (혜민서) for the general public. These institutions were tasked with providing medical care, distributing medicine, and promoting public health.
The state played a central role in healthcare, reflecting the Confucian value of benevolence. It was believed that a well-ordered society required healthy citizens, and the government took active measures to ensure public well-being. This included the provision of medical services to the underprivileged and the distribution of herbal medicines during epidemics.
- Development of Korean Traditional Medicine
Korean traditional medicine, known as Hanbang (한방), saw significant development during the Joseon era. A landmark achievement was the compilation of the Dongui Bogam (동의보감) by Heo Jun in 1613. This comprehensive medical text systematically categorized diseases, treatments, and medicinal herbs. It became a cornerstone of Korean medicine, influencing medical practice for centuries.
The Dongui Bogam emphasized preventive care and the use of herbal medicine. It also highlighted the importance of understanding the patient’s constitution and the environment in diagnosing and treating illnesses. This holistic approach reflected the interconnectedness of body, mind, and surroundings.
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion
Acupuncture and moxibustion were widely practiced in Korea, with distinctive techniques emerging. Korean acupuncture was known for its use of finer needles and different insertion angles compared to Chinese methods. The Nanjing (난경), a classical Chinese medical text, served as an important reference for Korean practitioners, who adapted its teachings to local needs. - Hyangyak (Local Medicine)
The Joseon government encouraged the use of Hyangyak (향약), or local herbs, to promote self-sufficiency in medicine. This initiative aimed to reduce reliance on imported Chinese medicines, which were expensive and less accessible. The Hyangyak Jipseongbang and other texts documented the use of local medicinal herbs, making them more accessible to the general public. - Medical Education and Licensing
The state established medical schools, such as the Hye-Min-Seo (혜민서), to train doctors and pharmacists. These institutions played a crucial role in standardizing medical education and ensuring the quality of healthcare providers. Physicians and pharmacists were required to pass exams to practice medicine, which helped maintain a high standard of care. - Public Health and Epidemics
The Joseon Dynasty faced numerous public health challenges, including outbreaks of smallpox and cholera. The government implemented various measures to control these epidemics, such as quarantine and the distribution of herbal medicines. Smallpox vaccination, introduced in the late 18th century, marked a significant advancement in public health efforts.
IV. Key Figures in Korean Medicine
Heo Jun (허준)
Heo Jun is one of the most renowned figures in Korean medical history. His compilation of the Dongui Bogam was a monumental achievement, providing a comprehensive guide to medical practice. The text’s emphasis on prevention and holistic care reflected a deep understanding of the human body and its relationship to the environment.
Yu Seong-ryong (유성룡)
Another notable figure, Yu Seong-ryong, contributed significantly to the field of pharmacology. His work, the Jejung Yaksonbang (제중약선방), compiled various herbal remedies, providing valuable insights into the use of local plants in medicine.
V. Conclusion
The history of health and medicine in Korea before 1900 is marked by a rich blend of indigenous practices, Chinese influences, and state-led initiatives. The establishment of medical institutions, the development of Korean traditional medicine, and the state’s role in public health laid a strong foundation for modern Korean medicine. The integration of local knowledge with imported theories created a unique and enduring medical tradition that continues to influence Korean healthcare today.
VI. References and Further Reading
Dongui Bogam (동의보감)
Hyangyak Jipseongbang (향약집성방)
Jejung Yaksonbang (제중약선방)
Various historical texts and records on the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties’ healthcare systems
For readers interested in delving deeper into Korean medical history, these texts offer valuable insights into the evolution of healthcare practices and the enduring legacy of traditional medicine in Korea.